{"id":2897,"date":"2020-06-06T18:57:37","date_gmt":"2020-06-06T17:57:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eurocomdidact.eu\/?page_id=2897"},"modified":"2022-03-24T11:42:14","modified_gmt":"2022-03-24T10:42:14","slug":"unmasking-similar-words-in-various-languages-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eurocomdidact.eu\/?page_id=2897&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Interphonological rules"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Unmasking corresponding words in different languages<\/h4>\n\n\n

Addressees: teachers and advanced learners of foreign languages<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

The following text provides a short description of the most important phonological and orthographic rules of Romance idioms. <\/span>In combination with the EuroComDidact ToGo app, it invites learners to analyze the series and to assign the target words\u2019 features to the correspondent phonological and orthographic rules. Knowing these rules entails first or second glance comprehension, which facilitates productive skills acquisition (reading and even speaking)<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>How to improve vocabulary learning: Your learning outcome is much better when you compare words with a same meaning (adequacy of meaning) in different languages, i.e. their shapes, meanings, grammatical properties, and use[1]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rules<\/span><\/b><\/h2>\n

The most important phonetic and orthographic rules exclusively concern the hereditary words.<\/span><\/p>\n

A) <\/span><\/i><\/b>Speaking of vowels[2]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

1. <\/span>Distinguish between bright and dark vowels<\/span><\/b>: Bright vowels are i<\/i><\/span> and e, <\/i>dark ones a, o, u. <\/i><\/span>Bright <\/span><\/b>and dark vowels rarely change the group.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

2. <\/span>The Latin difference between long and short vowels does not exist in Romance languages.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

3. <\/span>Stressed syllables are more stable than unstressed ones.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

4. <\/span>At the beginning of a word, vowels (and consonants) are comparatively stable<\/span><\/b>: fourmi, formica, hormiga<\/i><\/span> < *FORMIX, FORMICA; they change rarely, sometimes they change slightly. (see B1)
<\/span><\/p>\n

5. <\/span>Distinguish between open and closed<\/span><\/b> syllables<\/span><\/b>. <\/span>An open syllable ends with a vowel:<\/span><\/b> MA<\/u>-RIS, PA<\/u>-TREM, <\/i><\/span>a closed one with a <\/span><\/b>consonant<\/span><\/b>: <\/span>MAN<\/span><\/u><\/i>-DUCARE;<\/span><\/i> DAM<\/span><\/u><\/i>-NATIO<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

6. <\/span>Latin A in open syllables > fr. -e-:<\/span><\/b> TA-LEM > fr. tel <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> <\/i>it.<\/span> tale\/<\/span><\/i>sp.<\/span> tal, <\/span><\/i>MA-RE > fr. mer <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> it.<\/span> mare\/<\/span><\/i>sp.<\/span> mar<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Stressed and\/or long vowels in Latin tend to change<\/span><\/b>: <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    a) <\/span>\u0112, \u012a<\/span><\/b> > \/ei\/oi\/ie\/e\/i\/ : <\/span><\/b>D<\/span>\u0112<\/span>BET > fr. doit <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> <\/i>it. devve;<\/i> D<\/span>\u012a<\/span>G(I)TUS > fr. doigt, sp. dedo, it. ditto ; D(I)R<\/span>\u0112<\/span><\/u>CTUS > fr.<\/span> droit<\/span><\/i> \u2260<\/span> it. dritto <\/i>; <\/span>P<\/span>\u0112<\/span>DE<\/span>(M) > fr.<\/span> pied,<\/span><\/i> it.<\/span> piede <\/span><\/i>; F<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RIA<\/span> (vacances, <\/i>foire) > pt. feira,<\/i><\/span> fr.<\/span> foire, <\/span><\/i>pt.<\/span> f\u00e9rias<\/span><\/i> (vacances), sp.<\/span> feria <\/span><\/i>(Messe),<\/i><\/span> it.<\/span> fera<\/span><\/i>, an.<\/span> fair.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

    b) <\/span>\u014c > \/eu\/ue\/uo\/\u00f5\/ :<\/span><\/b> N\u014cVU(M > fr.<\/span> neuf<\/span><\/i>, sp.<\/span> nuevo,<\/span><\/i> it.<\/span> nuovo;<\/span><\/i> BONU(M), <\/i>fr. bon<\/i>, sp. bueno, <\/i>it. buono, <\/i>pt. bom <\/i>; B\u014cVIS > b\u0153uf<\/i>, sp. buey<\/i>, it. bue<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    c) <\/span>U > \/ou\/o\/u\/ : <\/span><\/b>URSU(M) : sp.<\/span> oso, <\/span><\/i>fr. ours<\/i>, it.<\/span> orso, <\/span><\/i>pt.<\/span> urso<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    d) <\/span>AU > \/o\/ : <\/span><\/b>AURU(M)<\/span> \u2260 sp.<\/span> oro,<\/span><\/i> fr.<\/span> or<\/i>, <\/span>it.<\/span> oro.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Double vowels (diphthongs) often arise in French, Portuguese and Spanish in the following cases:<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      a) <\/span>by excluding intervocalic consonants: <\/span><\/b>CAD\u0112<\/span><\/u><\/span>RE > fr. choir<\/i>, pt.<\/span> cair,<\/span><\/i> sp.<\/span> caer<\/span><\/i> (to fall); CLAUD<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RE > fr. clore<\/i> <\/span>\u2260<\/span> en. close<\/i>, it. chiudere<\/i>; PLAC<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RE > fr. plaire<\/i><\/span> \u2260<\/span><\/i> en.<\/span> to please<\/span><\/i>,<\/span> <\/i>it.<\/span> piacere<\/span><\/i>, pt.<\/span> aprazer,<\/span><\/i> sp.<\/span> placer <\/span><\/i>(see B5); NOC<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RE > fr. nuire <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> <\/i>it. nuocere<\/i> (to harm).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      b) <\/span>by changing of -CT- > -i+t-:<\/span><\/b> <\/a>LAC-TE(M) > fr. lait <\/i>[l, <\/i>pt. leite <\/i>\u2260 it. latte<\/i>, sp. leche <\/i>;.<\/span> D(I)R\u0112CTUS ) > fr. droit <\/i>via a.fr. dreit<\/i>, pt. direito<\/i> \u2260 it. dritto<\/i>, sp. derecho<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

      c) <\/span>by changing stressed syllables: <\/span><\/b>lat. V\u012aTA > afr. > <\/span>[vi\u00f0a<\/i>] <\/i><\/span>> fr.<\/i> vie <\/i>(silencing). Or: F\u0112RIA<\/span> (<\/i>holidays, fair) > feire, <\/i>fr. foire, <\/i>pt. f\u00e9rias <\/i>(holidays), sp.<\/span> feria,<\/span><\/i> it.<\/span> fera<\/span><\/i>, en.<\/span> fair.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Portuguese, Spanish and Italian largely maintain Latin forms or modify them only slightly.<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        10. <\/span><\/i>Even the German ‚educational vocabulary‘, as far as it goes back to written Latin or ancient Greek, does not change vowel quality: <\/span><\/b>PRAEDICARE > dt.<\/span> predigen,<\/span><\/i> sp.<\/span> predicar<\/span><\/i>, it.<\/span> predicare<\/span><\/i>, fr. pr\u00e9dication, pr\u00eacher, to preach.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

        B) <\/span><\/i><\/b>Speaking of consonants<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

        The following text is directed to teachers and advanced learners of foreign languages. It provides a short description of the most important phonetic and orthographic rules of Romance idioms in order to foster reading intercomprehension for students who already have a good command of at least one of these languages. It accompanies the app <\/span>EuroComDidact ToGo<\/span>. In combination with the app, this paper invites learners to analyze the app\u2019s series and to assign the words\u2019 features to the sound and orthographic rules. Knowing these rules entails comprehension at a first or second glance<\/span> which facilitates productive skills acquisition (reading and even speaking).<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n

        <\/a>Knowing <\/span><\/b>Romance<\/span><\/b><\/a> languages phonetic and orthographic rules entails plurilingual reading comprehension<\/span><\/b>[1]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

        <\/a>How to improve vocabulary learning: Your learning outcome is much better when you compare words with a same meaning (adequacy of meaning) in different languages, i.e. their shapes, meanings, grammatical properties, and use.<\/p>\n

        Rules<\/span><\/b><\/h2>\n

        The most important phonetic and orthographic rules exclusively concern the hereditary words.<\/span><\/p>\n

        A) <\/span><\/i><\/b>Speaking of vowels[2]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

        1. <\/span>Distinguish between bright and dark vowels<\/span><\/b>: Bright vowels are i<\/i><\/span> and e, <\/i>dark ones a, o, u. <\/i><\/span>Bright <\/span><\/b>and dark vowels rarely change the group.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

        2. <\/span>The Latin difference between long and short vowels does not exist in Romance languages.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

        3. <\/span>Stressed syllables are more stable than unstressed ones.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

        4. <\/span>At the beginning of a word, vowels (and consonants) are comparatively stable<\/span><\/b>: fourmi, formica, hormiga<\/i><\/span> < *FORMIX, FORMICA; they change rarely, sometimes they change slightly. (see B1)
        <\/span><\/p>\n

        5. <\/span>Distinguish between open and closed<\/span><\/b> syllables<\/span><\/b>. <\/span>An open syllable ends with a vowel:<\/span><\/b> MA<\/u>-RIS, PA<\/u>-TREM, <\/i><\/span>a closed one with a <\/span><\/b>consonant<\/span><\/b>: <\/span>MAN<\/span><\/u><\/i>-DUCARE;<\/span><\/i> DAM<\/span><\/u><\/i>-NATIO<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

        6. <\/span>Latin A in open syllables > fr. -e-:<\/span><\/b> TA-LEM > fr. tel <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> <\/i>it.<\/span> tale\/<\/span><\/i>sp.<\/span> tal, <\/span><\/i>MA-RE > fr. mer <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> it.<\/span> mare\/<\/span><\/i>sp.<\/span> mar<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Stressed and\/or long vowels in Latin tend to change<\/span><\/b>: <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          a) <\/span>\u0112, \u012a<\/span><\/b> > \/ei\/oi\/ie\/e\/i\/ : <\/span><\/b>D<\/span>\u0112<\/span>BET > fr. doit <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> <\/i>it. devve;<\/i> D<\/span>\u012a<\/span>G(I)TUS > fr. doigt, sp. dedo, it. ditto ; D(I)R<\/span>\u0112<\/span><\/u>CTUS > fr.<\/span> droit<\/span><\/i> \u2260<\/span> it. dritto <\/i>; <\/span>P<\/span>\u0112<\/span>DE<\/span>(M) > fr.<\/span> pied,<\/span><\/i> it.<\/span> piede <\/span><\/i>; F<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RIA<\/span> (vacances, <\/i>foire) > pt. feira,<\/i><\/span> fr.<\/span> foire, <\/span><\/i>pt.<\/span> f\u00e9rias<\/span><\/i> (vacances), sp.<\/span> feria <\/span><\/i>(Messe),<\/i><\/span> it.<\/span> fera<\/span><\/i>, an.<\/span> fair.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

          b) <\/span>\u014c > \/eu\/ue\/uo\/\u00f5\/ :<\/span><\/b> N\u014cVU(M > fr.<\/span> neuf<\/span><\/i>, sp.<\/span> nuevo,<\/span><\/i> it.<\/span> nuovo;<\/span><\/i> BONU(M), <\/i>fr. bon<\/i>, sp. bueno, <\/i>it. buono, <\/i>pt. bom <\/i>; B\u014cVIS > b\u0153uf<\/i>, sp. buey<\/i>, it. bue<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

          c) <\/span>U > \/ou\/o\/u\/ : <\/span><\/b>URSU(M) : sp.<\/span> oso, <\/span><\/i>fr. ours<\/i>, it.<\/span> orso, <\/span><\/i>pt.<\/span> urso<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

          d) <\/span>AU > \/o\/ : <\/span><\/b>AURU(M)<\/span> \u2260 sp.<\/span> oro,<\/span><\/i> fr.<\/span> or<\/i>, <\/span>it.<\/span> oro.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Double vowels (diphthongs) often arise in French, Portuguese and Spanish in the following cases:<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            a) <\/span>by excluding intervocalic consonants: <\/span><\/b>CAD\u0112<\/span><\/u><\/span>RE > fr. choir<\/i>, pt.<\/span> cair,<\/span><\/i> sp.<\/span> caer<\/span><\/i> (to fall); CLAUD<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RE > fr. clore<\/i> <\/span>\u2260<\/span> en. close<\/i>, it. chiudere<\/i>; PLAC<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RE > fr. plaire<\/i><\/span> \u2260<\/span><\/i> en.<\/span> to please<\/span><\/i>,<\/span> <\/i>it.<\/span> piacere<\/span><\/i>, pt.<\/span> aprazer,<\/span><\/i> sp.<\/span> placer <\/span><\/i>(see B5); NOC<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RE > fr. nuire <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> <\/i>it. nuocere<\/i> (to harm).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

            b) <\/span>by changing of -CT- > -i+t-:<\/span><\/b> <\/a>LAC-TE(M) > fr. lait <\/i>[l, <\/i>pt. leite <\/i>\u2260 it. latte<\/i>, sp. leche <\/i>;.<\/span> D(I)R\u0112CTUS ) > fr. droit <\/i>via a.fr. dreit<\/i>, pt. direito<\/i> \u2260 it. dritto<\/i>, sp. derecho<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

            c) <\/span>by changing stressed syllables: <\/span><\/b>lat. V\u012aTA > afr. > <\/span>[vi\u00f0a<\/i>] <\/i><\/span>> fr.<\/i> vie <\/i>(silencing). Or: F\u0112RIA<\/span> (<\/i>holidays, fair) > feire, <\/i>fr. foire, <\/i>pt. f\u00e9rias <\/i>(holidays), sp.<\/span> feria,<\/span><\/i> it.<\/span> fera<\/span><\/i>, en.<\/span> fair.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Portuguese, Spanish and Italian largely maintain Latin forms or modify them only slightly.<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              10. <\/span><\/i>Even the German ‚educational vocabulary‘, as far as it goes back to written Latin or ancient Greek, does not change vowel quality: <\/span><\/b>PRAEDICARE > dt.<\/span> predigen,<\/span><\/i> sp.<\/span> predicar<\/span><\/i>, it.<\/span> predicare<\/span><\/i>, fr. pr\u00e9dication, pr\u00eacher, to preach.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

              B) <\/span><\/i><\/b>Speaking of consonants<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. At the beginning of words, consonants are stable, with a few exceptions.<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                a) <\/span>In French C- > ch-<\/span><\/b>: CABALLU(M) > cheval<\/i>; CAT(TUM)<\/span> > chat<\/i><\/span> [<\/span>\u0283<\/span><\/span><\/a>a<\/span>]<\/span>\u2260<\/span> it.<\/span> gatto<\/span><\/i>, sp.<\/span> gato, <\/span><\/i>en. cat, <\/i>ge. Katze<\/i>; CANE > chien<\/i> <\/span>\u2260<\/span> it.<\/span> cane<\/span><\/i>; CA-PUT\/CA-P(I)-TI > fr. chef, <\/i>en.<\/span> chief, <\/span><\/i>pt. chefe<\/i>, sp. jefe <\/i>< fr. chef <\/i>(de cuisine<\/i>). <\/i>Generally, Portuguese, Spanish and Italian do not innovate: sp. cabo, <\/i>it. capo<\/i>, en. cape<\/i>, ge. Kap<\/i>, fr. cap<\/i>; fr. chiffre<\/i>, it.\/pt.\/sp. cifra <\/i>< mlat. CIFRA < ar. SIFR (zero).<\/span><\/p>\n

                b) <\/span>Exclusively in Italian: B-, C-, F-, G-, P-plus-L<\/span><\/b> > bi, ci\/chi, fi, pi- gi\/ghi: frankish BLANK > bianco, <\/i>lat. CLAMARE > chiamare, <\/i>FLORE(M) > fiore, <\/i>PLAC<\/span>\u0112\u0112<\/span>RE > piacere, <\/i>vlat. GLACIA > ghiaccio.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

                c) <\/span>In Spanish and Portuguese: initial <\/span><\/b>CL- > sp. ll <\/b>[j] llave, llamar<\/i><\/span> > pt. ch<\/b>– [<\/span>\u0292] or [<\/span>\u0283] chave<\/span><\/i>, chamar.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. In spoken Latin, the initial h- <\/i>already was mute when the city of Pompei was hit by the Vesuvio eruption in 78.<\/span><\/b> It does not appear in Italian either<\/b><\/span>: <\/span>it.<\/span> abitudine, osteria, erede, esitare<\/span><\/i> \u2260<\/span> fr. habitude, heritier, h\u00e9siter<\/i>; <\/span>\u2260<\/span> sp. habitud, heredero, hesitar<\/i><\/span>. The maintenance of the initial h- in other Romance languages is due to etymological writing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  4. <\/span>Sometimes, intervocalic consonants undergo striking changes from classical Latin to French<\/span><\/b>, which often lead to their entire disappearance.<\/b> Often sonorization (lenition) phenomena precede: V<\/span>\u012a<\/span>TA(M) > *<\/span>[vi\u00f0a<\/i>] > fr. vie; fr. plaire<\/i> < PLAC\u0112RE, pla\u00eet \u2260 piace, <\/i>pt. apraz<\/i> < PL\u0100CET \u2260 plaisons, piacciamo, aprazemos<\/i> < PLAC\u0112MUS.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  5. <\/span>In general, Romance languages show varying degrees of sonorization:<\/b><\/span> AQUA > eau<\/i><\/span> via afr<\/span>. <\/span>aigue, <\/span><\/i>see sp. agua;<\/i><\/span> PLAC<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RE > fr. plaire <\/i>via afr. plaisir,<\/i><\/span> pt.<\/span> prazer, <\/span><\/i>sp.<\/span> placer, <\/span><\/i>it.<\/span> piacere,<\/span><\/i> also en.<\/span> please\/pleasant<\/span><\/i>; TAC<\/span>\u0112<\/span>RE > fr. taire <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span> sp.<\/span> tacer, <\/span><\/i>sp. tac<\/span>\u0113<\/span>re.<\/i><\/span> Or -T- and -D- > -s-\/-z-: RATIONEM > <\/i>it.<\/span> ragione, <\/span><\/i>pt.<\/span> razo<\/span><\/i>, sp.<\/span> razon, <\/span><\/i>fr. raison, <\/i>en. reason; <\/i>V<\/span>\u0100<\/span>DO > fr. <\/span>[v<\/span>\u025b<\/span><\/span><\/a>] <\/span>vaisK, <\/span><\/i>sp. voy<\/i> <\/span>\u2260<\/span> it. vado<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  6. <\/span>New consonants <\/span><\/b>(<\/span>simple letters, digraphs): -ch- for [<\/span>\u0283] in fr. cher<\/span><\/i>, trigraphs: ge. -sch- for <\/a>[<\/span>\u0283] in sch\u00f6n<\/i>)<\/span> often appear after weak vowels\u2019 exclusion<\/span><\/b>: lat. MAND(U)<\/u>CARE > <\/span><\/i>fr. *mantger > mang<\/u>er, <\/i>it. mang<\/u>iare<\/i>;<\/span> PRAED(I)CARE > *pred(i)cer > <\/i>fr. pr\u00each<\/u>er, <\/i>en preach<\/u><\/i><\/span>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

                  7. <\/span>Once again: Instability leads to sonorization in the case of double consonant groups: <\/b>COLUBRA > couleuvre<\/i>, sp. culebra (de cristal) <\/i>(blind worm); brit.en. better<\/i> <\/a>[b<\/span>\u025b<\/span><\/span><\/a>t<\/span>\u0259<\/span><\/span><\/a>] \u2260 <\/span>am.en. [b<\/span>\u025b<\/span><\/span><\/a>d<\/a>\u0259<\/span><\/span><\/a>], Italy <\/a>[<\/span>‚<\/span><\/strong>it<\/span>\u0259<\/span><\/span><\/a>li] \u2260 [<\/span>‚<\/span><\/strong>id<\/span>\u0259<\/span><\/span><\/a>li]. Sometimes, consonants disappear entirely: <\/span>CATH(E)DRA > chaire<\/i>, <\/i>INT\u0112GRA > entier <\/i>[<\/span>\u0251\u0303<\/span><\/span><\/a>tje]<\/span>, enti\u00e8re<\/span><\/i> [<\/span>\u0251\u0303<\/span><\/span><\/a>tjer], enti\u00e8rement<\/i> [<\/span>\u0251\u0303<\/span><\/span><\/a>tjerm<\/span>\u0251\u0303<\/span><\/span><\/a>]<\/span> <\/i>\u2260 sp. entero, <\/i>pt. inteiro.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

                  8. <\/span>It happens that sounds and letters swap within series<\/span><\/b> (metathesis): FOR<\/u>MAT(I)CUM > fromage <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> for<\/u>maggio<\/span><\/i>;<\/span> Pa<\/u>rf\u00fcmerie, pr<\/u>ofumeria, <\/span><\/i>en. per<\/u>fumery<\/i>;<\/span> en.\/fr. <\/span>cr<\/u>ocodile, <\/span><\/i>ge. Krokodil<\/i> <\/span>\u2260<\/span> sp.<\/span> cocodr<\/u>ilo<\/span><\/i>;<\/span> it. <\/span>profilo <\/span><\/i>\u2260 <\/span><\/i>pt.\/sp.<\/span> per<\/u>fil.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

                  F.-J. Meissner<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n


                  \n

                  \u00a0<\/p>\n

                  \u00a0<\/p>\n

                  \n
                  \n

                  [1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> The observations exclusively focus on didactic purposes. Completeness about historical Romance phonetics is not intended. For further information go to William McCann. Horst G. Klein & Tilbert D. Stegmann: EuroComRom \u2013 The Seven Sieves: How to read all the Romance languages right away<\/em>.<\/i> Aachen: Shaker 2002. The book exists in various languages (Catalan, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish). The French version includes an Introduction \u00e0 la didactique de l\u2019eurocompr\u00e9hension<\/em> (pp. 7-140).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n

                  [2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Some terminological explanations are necessary: the brackets () <\/b>stand for weak sound (clitization); [] <\/b>includes phonetic transcription; a series<\/b> contains morphosemantic correspon-dences between languages: fromage, formaggio, queso, queijo, cheese<\/em>; shortcuts<\/b> like ar.<\/b> (Arab), fr.<\/b> (French), gr.<\/b> (ancient Greek), sp<\/b>. (Spanish), afr.<\/b> (ancient French), mlat<\/b>. (medieval Latin) vlat.<\/b> (vulgar Latin), etc. stand for languages; < <\/b>means: derived from; ><\/b> means: gives; <\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/b> different from, but; *<\/b> indicates \u2018form without reference\u2019; brit.en.<\/b> British English, am.en.<\/b> American English.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n
                  \n

                  \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Unmasking corresponding words in different languages Addressees: teachers and advanced learners of foreign languages The following text provides a short description of the most important phonological and orthographic rules of Romance idioms. In combination with the EuroComDidact ToGo app, it …<\/p>\n

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                  3. <\/span>In Spanish, the initial \/f\/ turns to h- <\/span><\/b>hacemos, faisons<\/span><\/i>; hormiga, <\/i>fr. fourmi<\/i>; horno<\/i>, fr. four<\/i>, it. forno<\/i>; it. [<\/span>\u0292<\/span><\/span><\/a>] in gelato<\/i> > sp. helado <\/i><\/span>\u2260<\/span><\/i> <\/i>fr. jamais, <\/i>sp. jam\u00e1s.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n